Importance of Key Success Factors in businesses and organisations of Essay

Importance of Key Success Factors in businesses and organisations of SAB - Essay Example This report studies critical success factors by studying the case study of the South African Brewery (SAB). Since its inception the management of the company had a vision of future expansion and utilization of the most efficient mechanisms in order to obtain access to the capital and money markets and provide liquidity to the equity and commercial of the company was an early success factor for SAB. In 1892 the company converted into the public company South African United Breweries openly traded in the London Stock Exchange was the event that allowed the company to finance its operation and acquire capital whenever needed take advantage of market opportunities. The company immediately work to work and the creation of the public came simultaneously with the acquisition of a brewery. The smart strategies continued with this company and the exposure gained as an LSE player attracted a key investor which led to the formation of SAB in 1895. Another key historical event in SAB which was a major success factor was the latter acquisition of two other companies in South African beer business whic h enabled the company to control 90% of the alcoholic beverage market share in 1960. A company that controls 90% of a market basically is a company operating in a de-facto monopoly. In reality the company operates in oligopoly. An oligopoly is an industry with very few competitors participating in the marketplace. Since SAB control 90% there are powerful that the power they have over strategic decisions and entire industry provide the company the ability decision such as controlling the pricing, supply and demand of the supply chain in South Africa. That type of power enabled the company to become the player in this industry that serves the need of the customers and creates the trends in product offering that the minority players in the industry follow. A de-facto monopoly allows a company such as SAB to set a price for its product without worrying about the

Analysis Of Cultural Landscape Essay Example for Free

Analysis Of Cultural Landscape Essay Cultural landscapes fall into three main categories. The most easily identifiable is the clearly defined landscape designed and created intentionally by man. The second category is the organically evolved landscape. The final category is the associative cultural landscape. Here the analysis is on Metropolis at Metrotown, which comes under the former category. Metropolis at Metrotown is a giant mall located in Burnaby, the third largest city in British Columbia by population, geographically sits in-between Vancouver and Port Coquitlam. The city is located just outside of downtown Vancouver and has evolved from a bedroom community to an urban centre and has lots to offer, from unique shopping areas, theatre productions, sports events and many more. The city has a mix of different religions and cultures. The ethnic identity is clearly visible in the city, northern parts of Hastings Street being well catered to Italian population, and south, Metrotown area with the mix of origins from China, South Korea and Yugoslavia. The time when SkyTrain, an automated train with advanced rapid transit technology, was constructed in the middle of 1980s, the dramatic development has started across the lengths and breadths of Burnaby, especially along Kingsway. This lead to the establishment of Metrotown Center in 1986, and consequently the residential areas around the commercial complex stood up in no time. Formerly the Shopping Mall was called as Metrotown Eaton Centre. But when Eaton was shutdown removing its stake, the Metropolis combined with Metrotown to form a single entity. Today this mega mall is the second largest in Canada. Today the expansion of the mega mall plays a major factor in the generation of economy and revenue from foreign exchange. The mall boasts the standard of living of the population in the city by giving employment. Job opportunities in the retail sector are expected to increase with about 97,000 new positions becoming available by 2011. Opportunities for retail sales associates, supervisors, and managers are expected to grow over the next eight years. The policy of recruitment is compliant with Human Rights Code, and prohibits discrimination in employment due to race, national or ethnic origin, citizenship, religion, age, sex, marital status, disability, language or record of offences. This mall plays a major role as one of the attractions of tourism. The mall offers attractive tourism programs like out-of-Town visitors, Group Travel Program, Meeting Planners and Sports Organizers, Hotel Shopping Packages. With the evolution of cross culture from different walks of the people, the globalization gave the speed to the spread of multi-national products in the city that never seen before. And these lead many more markets to see the light of the sun. This giant hall has around 220 shops, three department stores, multiplex theatres, restaurants, business offices, library, dental clinic, banks, cafes, spas and many more. The raise of public transportation in the form of Buses and SkyTrain emerged for the giant mall’s accessibility. And these add to the income generation from the parking and gas consumption. With the success of retail market, Government is benefiting in the form of Tax on the services and products. This giant mall is now touching the people from various walks of life. From the sales representatives to the market analysts , software engineers to librarians , cosmeticians to dentists, fashion designers to art suppliers, customer care executives , and the list goes on. If some people come to spend time in leisure, others come for partying. Round the clock this mall entertains the public with attractive events. Some of the annual events which include Clearance sales, Job fairs make the place the hot spot in the city. And the calendar always offers some new events to celebrate for the public like Fashion Shows, Music Awards, Contests and the list goes on. The mall is equipped with all necessary services to provide the public with the best shopping experience. The range of services include strollers, baby care in the food court, a nursing room, family washroom equipped with a baby change station and a Jellybean Park Play care. For giving the accessibility to all age groups, the mall provides wheelchairs on loan with free of cost. And sophisticated facilities are provided to the public to make their shopping enjoyable. Automated doors are located at most of the major entrances which includes Kingsway entrance, Real Canadian Superstore, Central Boulevard to name a few. It is also equipped with Passenger elevators. And modern, comfortable, and clean washrooms are available and they are also wheelchair accessible. Metrotown Food court caters tasteful food to public from various cultures and geographies. It is a very grand food court than the food courts of other malls in Burnaby. One can find Thai food, or a Korean cuisine ,or a restaurant making Caesar salad from Opa , along with the well known Burger King or AW. The giant mall provides community rooms for the charities and non-profit organizations to make use of the infrastructure for the welfare of the community. Not only that, each year Metropolis at Metrotown donates nearly $1 million to charities and non-profit organizations, without discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or creed, to enhance the lives of the people in the community. Today the giant mall is one of the integral parts of the society and plays a significant role in the citys economy and touches the lives of the people around the world, round the clock. References Anonymous (n. d) BCIT Retail Marketing Management Program . Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://metropolis. shopping. ca/cambridge/jsp3/wh_ga. jsp? mallid=met Anonymous (June, 2007) Metrotown Food Court . Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://vancouvereatsout. com/metrotown-food-court/ Anonymous (n. d) Tourism Programs . Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://metropolis. shopping. ca/cambridge/jsp3/fp_01. jsp? mallid=metsectid=wh Anonymous (n. d) Cultural Landscapes Categories and Subcategories . Retrieved March 26, 2008, from http://whc. unesco. org/en/culturallandscape/

Role of Regulation of Breathing

Role of Regulation of Breathing UAC 1.2: Detail the role of the regulation of breathing. Question 1: During exercise, the rate of breathing increases. How does the body detect, coordinate and respond to increase pulmonary ventilation and why is it important? (250 words max) When exercising the pulmonary ventilation rate and depth expands so oxygen can diffuse from the air to the blood quicker and carbon dioxide can diffuse from the blood to the air faster. The brain is ultimately in charge of breathing; the brain stem utilises sensors to manage breathing. Breathing results from coordination of three interactions; a sensory system, respiratory control centre and an effector system. These sensors, called chemoreceptors are supported by nerves and muscles. Chemoreceptors recognise chemical substances and pass this data to the nerves in the central nervous system. During exercise there is an expansion in carbon dioxide which causes a reduction in the pH of blood. The additional carbon dioxide in the blood is detected by the chemoreceptors. Because of a diminishing in the pH, the respiratory control centre in the medulla, sends nervous impulses which instruct the intercostal muscles and diaphragm to contract harder and all the more often, which increase the breathing rate and the volume of the lungs during inhalation. Working together, the body is continually monitoring and adjusting pH and oxygen in the arterial blood. Breathing endeavours to maintain stability. Elevated amounts of carbon dioxide triggers speedier and more profound breathing. This expanded breathing reduces the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increasing the measure of oxygen taken in. UAC 2.1: Explain the process of ventilation including detail of lung volumes and capacities. Question 2: Explain, using Figure 1, how a human body inhales and exhales air. Include explanations of vital capacity, residual volume, tidal volume, ventilation rate and pulmonary ventilation. (350 words max) Figure 1: Spirometer trace Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs. It is activated by the changes to the volume and air pressure in the lungs. There are two phases of ventilation: Inhalation is the admission of air into the lungs through the expansion of the chest volume and exhalation is the removal of air from the lungs through contraction of the chest volume. During inhalation the diaphragm contracts, simultaneously the intercostal muscles allow the rib confine to raise. This creates a drop in the pressure inside the lungs and extends the chest cavity, subsequently expanding the lung volume making a partial vacuum causing air to be passively drawn into the lungs from the respiratory tract to fill that space. The reverse occurs during exhalation. The muscles no longer contract and are relaxed. The diaphragm curves and raises, the intercostal muscles descend and the chest volume decreases. The chest cavity contracts therefore increased air pressure, causing the air in the lungs to be expelled passively through the upper respiratory tract. This is known as the tidal volume which is the volume of air took in and out in one breath when at rest. Sufficiency of ventilation is measured by a spirometer, (an instrument for recording volumes of air taken in and breathed out). Figure 1 demonstrates a following of a spirogram. Each breath invigorates a quantity of the air in the lungs and carries away a quantity of the carbon dioxide made by the body. Air moves in and out of the lungs around 12 times per minute in the average person as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and relax, this is the ventilation rate and is calculated by the number of peaks in one minute. At the point when a person breathes in and out profoundly then considerably more air can be exchanged, this is known as vital capacity. The oxygen take-up is different as the carbon dioxide is expelled, the tidal volume in the air chamber decreases. The volume of air removed is shown by the distinction in height of the last peak from the first peak amid ordinary breathing. There is constantly some air left in the lungs that cannot be exchanged in light of the fact that the alveoli do not completely collapse; this is known as the residual volume. UAC 2.2: Explain the characteristics of efficient gaseous exchange and show with reference to diagrams how this is achieved in the lungs and capillaries. Question 3: Explain, using Figure 2, how the structures of the lungs and capillaries are adapted for efficient gas exchange. (450 words max) Figure 2: Diagram of an alveolus The lungs are adapted for the effective gas exchange; the exchange surface must have the ability to exchange gases quickly enough to oblige the requirements of the cells. The lungs contain a huge number of tiny, air-filled sacs called alveoli. Within the alveoli, an exchange of gases happens between the gases inside the alveoli and the blood by passive diffusion. The alveoli are adapted to make gas exchange in the lungs happen effectively and proficiently. The walls of the alveoli are a single cell thick and are made of flattened epithelial cells, making the exchange surface thin which shortens the diffusion pathway over which gases need to make. In order to maximise the amount of diffusion taking place, the alveoli are folded up truly fine, giving an expansive surface area. This means more gas can be exchanged at the same time and it happens speedier which implies the lungs can ventilate faster. The alveoli have a moist layer; this moisture is passed through the cell membrane of the alveolar cells. The alveoli are kept moist to dissolve gases. The moist lining additionally diminishes the surface strain, which means less energy is required to inflate the alveoli and prevents the collapse of alveoli. Every alveolus is encompassed by numerous capillaries; these capillaries are slender so that the red blood cells are squeezed against the capilla ry wall giving a good blood supply, therefore giving a short diffusion pathway. For the exchange of gases to be fast, a steep diffusion gradient is required. The concentration gradient is the distinction in concentration between two focuses. This is to guarantee the molecules diffuse quickly and in the correct bearing. In the lungs the presence of a very thin permeable diffusion pathway of just two flattened cells helps to create a steep concentration gradient. Every alveolus is ventilated, evacuating waste carbon dioxide and replenishing oxygen levels in the alveolar air. The blood arriving in the alveoli has a higher carbon dioxide concentration which is delivered amid breath by the bodys cells. However, the air in the alveoli has a much lower concentration of carbon dioxide, which means there is a concentration gradient which permits carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the blood and into the alveolar air. Similarly, blood arriving in the alveoli has a lower oxygen concentration, as it has been utilised for respiration by the cells of the body, while the air in the alveoli has a higher concentration. Consequently, oxygen moves into the blood by diffusion and integrates with the haemoglobin in red blood cells. This continual supply of gas to one side of the exchange source and its expulsion from the alternative side ensures that diffusion, and therefore exchange, can proceed.  ­Ã‚ ­ References Grant, A. Waugh, A. (2014) Ross Wilson Anatomy Physicology in Health and Illness. 12th edn. Churchill Livingstone. Cohen, B. Hull, K. (2015). Memmlers The Human Body in Health Disease. 13th edn. Wolters Kluwer. Kennedy, P. Sochacki, F. (2008). OCR Biology. Heinemann. Boundless. Lung Capacity and Volume. Boundless Anatomy and Physiology Boundless, 07 Nov. 2016. Available at: https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/respiratory-system-22/nonrespiratory-lung-functions-209/lung-capacity-and-volume-1029-9200/ (Accessed 10 March 2017). Boundless. Chemoreceptor Regulation of Breathing. Boundless Anatomy and Physiology Boundless, 21 Sep. 2016. Available at: https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/respiratory-system-22/respiration-control-212/chemoreceptor-regulation-of-breathing-1039-6384/ (Accessed 10 March 2017). A Level Notes (2016). Available at: http://alevelnotes.com/The-Lungs/169?tree= (Accessed on 10 March 2017). BBC (2014). Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev1.shtml (Accessed on 8 March 2017). BBC Bitesize (2014). Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/biology/the_body_in_action/the_need_for_energy/revision/3/ (Accessed on 8 March 2017. BBC Bitesize (2014). Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zm6rd2p/revision/1 (Accessed on 8 March 2017). Quizlet (2017). Available at: https://quizlet.com/16078421/stages-of-aerobic-cellular-respiration-flash-cards/ (Accessed on 8 March 2017).      Ã‚   Khan Academy (2017). Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation/overview-of-cellular-respiration-steps/a/steps-of-cellular-respiration (Accessed on 7 March 2017). BBC Bitesize (2014). Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/biology/cell_biology/respiration/revision/1/ (Accessed on 5 March 2017).

Levinas vis-à-vis the Other Essay -- Religion Philosophy

Levinas vis-à  -vis the Other Philosophy, arising from its Greek tradition of a â€Å"love of wisdom†, seeks to critically examine those questions most fundamental to humankind; it is concerned with essential concepts (or rather, questions) of being (metaphysics), rightness and goodness, knowledge, truth and beauty. As a branch of metaphysics, ontology seeks, in particular, to understand the nature of being (or existence) by placing objects within categories and organized totalities, while always assuming God as the first cause (causa sui). (Rebidoux) Yet as most philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle and Descartes each attest to their distinct definition of â€Å"being†, there is an exception to these ontological contenders: Emmanuel Levinas. By avoiding strict classification or definition in his writings (he avoids putting the saying into the said), Levinas seems to desire participation, or an encounter with, his reader. Levinas’ personal history – including an early exposure to the Bible and Jewish philosophy - may explain both his somewhat unorthodox methods and his massive undertaking of transforming Talmudic concepts into Greek philosophy.(Rebidoux, 19 Jan 2004) No doubt influenced by a traumatic experience as a Jew during the Second World War, Levinas also owes much of his ideological foundation to his studies with Heidegger and Husserl, who greatly inspired his awareness of phenomenology. In his writings, he applies Husserlian knowledge of this science of phenomena, i.e. things apprehended by consciousness and concrete experiencei [i] , to his ontological inquiry into the essence of being. Levinas founds these theories primarily on the â€Å"face to face† encounter with â€Å"the Other†. His notion of the Other, borrowed ... ...ylink). 27 February 2004 http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t98.e1245 6. Rebidoux, Michelle. Lecture. McGill University, Montreal. 21 January – 9 February 2004. Notes: [1] Left without any proof that the Infinite exists and having only a sense of transcendence and new-found ipseity, one’s experience of a â€Å"trauma of awakening† is no doubt completely and incommunicably personal, and therefore must be difficult for Levinas to convey to his readers, as it is for me to convey within the limits of this paper. [2] One’s own sense of self that arises from this initial inspiration of the Infinite would more aptly be called one’s ipseity, yet to speak of one’s ipseity would be to de-value its utmost personal meaning, and so for the purpose of this paper the ipseity of the Other will be referred to as his or her alterity.

Poetry is often written as a result of reflecting on an intense emotional experience or a significant event

Q: Poetry is often written as a result of reflecting on an intense emotional experience or a significant event. Examine the techniques used by one poet to convey the significance of an experience or event which gave rise to a poem or a sequence of poems. â€Å"Daddy†is a very emotional poem by Sylvia Plath. She wrote it just before she committed suicide in the early 1960's. It is a very angry poem which is centred around Plath's relationship with her father, who died when she was much younger. Much of her anger and emotion arises from this event. Despite the fact that he has been dead for some time, it is still certain that she feels affected by it. The first verse of the poem creates the tone followed throughout, and helps to set the rest of the poem in context: â€Å"You do not do not do, you do not do Anymore, black shoe In which I have lived like a foot For thirty years, poor and white, Barely daring to breathe or Achoo.† Here, the poet is stating that they have â€Å"†¦lived like a foot for thirty years†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , a simile that is giving the sense that she has felt oppressed for her whole life, as living â€Å"like a foot† is a claustrophobic image, showing how she cannot break free of the â€Å"black shoe† which it is made apparent is representing her â€Å"daddy† figure. The opening line, â€Å"You do not do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is similar to how a parent would tell a child off, but the poet is reversing the role here, and so her anger at her father is shown straight away. The whole of the first verse is an extended metaphor, to convey the poet's anger at feeling trapped all of her life by the death of her father. The line â€Å"Barely daring to breathe of Achoo.† shows how this has given her a sense of claustrophobia, not being able to escape from a â€Å"black shoe† â€Å"black† appearing throughout the poem, giving connotations of evil, the poet exag gerates in order to express her feelings on her father, and her anger at his death. In verse two, she refers to him as â€Å"marble heavy, a bag full of God†, which represents how he has been weighing her down. The use of the word â€Å"God† is to give the sense that her father has been the all-powerful force in her life until now. â€Å"Daddy, I have had to kill you.† reveals the intent behind her writing the poem, to enable her to â€Å"purge† her father out of her life at last. For the poet, â€Å"Daddy† is a cathartic experience, and this is communicated to the reader because her anger is apparent in the accusing tone used, she's addressing the problems in her life and pointing the finger at him. She describes him here in the second verse as a â€Å"Ghastly statue† saying that there is something sinister about him, â€Å"statue† refers to how he has been immovable, ever-present in her life even after his death. The image of him described in verses two and three focuses on the scale of him. â€Å"One gray toe, big as a Frisco seal/And a head in the freakish Atlantic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  – he is continental. It's almost as if he is too much, and the poet cannot handle the amount that she has built him up in her mind, so much that it almost takes over. But, not all of her fe elings towards her father are negative: â€Å"I used to pray to recover you, Ach, du.† The note of longing present here prevents the poem from simply becoming an angry rant, it's clear that she poet is conflicted on how to feel. The fact that she uses the German language also helps to emphasise how much he has impacted her life, as he was German-American. The tone of the poem is enhanced by the harsh, building rhythm, and the fricative language used. The rhythm builds into a sort of crescendo, and the language used contains a lot of words with an â€Å"oo† sound, similar to the word â€Å"you†, the accusation coming through, her anger at him showing. The repetition of certain words like â€Å"†¦wars,wars,wars†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"†¦ich,ich,ich,ich†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦back, back, back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  add to the marching rhythm which drives the poem. By the time we get to the heart of this long rant of a poem the imagery relating to her father deliberately becomes confused with that of Nazi atrocities. Furthermore, sometimes Plath's attitude towards her father seems to be more suited to that of a lover; how for instance she sees him as the â€Å"†¦black man who/Bit my pretty red heart in two.† The experience of her father's death had led her to identify with victims of Nazism, which could be seen as particularly self-indulgent on her part, as the comparison seems to be out of balance. â€Å"An engine, an engine Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen. I began to talk like a Jew. I think I may well be a Jew.† And similarly, her comparisons of her father to a Nazi: â€Å"I have always been scared of you, With your Luftwaffe, your gobbledygoo And your neat mustache, And your Aryan eye, bright blue. Panzer-man Panzer-man, O You–† This dynamic she paints of her, the victim, and her father, the oppressor is clearly an exaggeration. Her father's death, however, has made her so angry at him that she sees it fit to draw such comparisons. Her experience of her father's death has forced her to identify with Jews, oppressed by Nazis, the way she has felt oppressed by her father for her whole life. But, this aspect of the poem is juxtaposed with the poet addressing her father in an intimate way, she describes him here as a â€Å"Panzer-man†, representing the glamour of the Second World War, a sort of figure of longing. She refers to father as â€Å"daddy† – â€Å"You stand at the blackboard, daddy/In the picture I have of you.† This emphasises how she has been unable to move on, he has never become a â€Å"father† to her, he is frozen in time as her â€Å"daddy†, although he is still a figure of authority to her. It is because of this inability to move on from the death of her father that she states she has â€Å"made a model† of him, in her husband, â€Å"A man in black with a Meinkampf look.† It's almost as if her husband has been a substitute for her father being absent in her life, and in the end, he does her no good either, she says he â€Å"drank my blood for a year.† referring to how he drained life from her, and in marrying a man that reminds her of her father, it did not offer a solution at all. The poem acts as a way of exorcising her father from her life, but she also refers to her husband in this aspect – â€Å"If I've killed one man I've killed two.†, the poem has been a stake through the heart of both her â€Å"daddy† figure and her husband, referenced to in the last verse (â€Å"There's a stake in your fat black heart† – the poem is the stake, it has killed him). By the end of the poem when she claims â€Å"Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I'm through.†, it can be interpreted in more than one way. The first, that she is through with her â€Å"daddy† that she has exorcised him from her life at last. But secondly, that it has been too much, that the burden has killed her – Sylvia Plath committed suicide soon after the poem was written. â€Å"Daddy† is full of emotion. It allows the poet to exorcise her father from her life, and so it is conflicted and features anger, love and the accusing tone highlights the poet's feelings towards her father, how she hates him for his death early in her life, but there are hints of longing throughout. The Nazi imagery used in the poem could be said to be self-indulgent of the poet, but it is perhaps justified in that she has carried the burden of mourning for her father for the majority of her life. The poet shows her father as an evil figure, so it is easy for the reader to sympathise with her, although it is important to remember that the image she paints of him is exaggerated and so the only â€Å"bad† thing he did was to die too early in Plath's life. And so, the poem could be interpreted as a rant at her dead father, but to the poet, he's been present in her mind throughout her life, and â€Å"Daddy† was how she was able to rid herself of him.

Give a detailed analysis of the film The Sandman Essay

The theme that appears to be the most prominent is that of childhood fears. The director has exhibited this by using an abundant amount of creative and interesting camera techniques. The techniques cause us, as an audience, to become captivated in the short film’s horror. As the film begins, the mis en scene is very welcoming – a mother and her son in their residence, doing natural and everyday things. Whilst the boy is playing, his mother is sewing in a rocking chair. This leads the audience into a false sense of security, making them think that everything is perfectly fine when – in actual fact – it is the total opposite. The director does this to add to the effect of eeriness and mystery that was created in the opening scene before the title – which was a mysterious place that seemed out of this world, we get the sense that this was the case by the camera zooming down giving the sense that Earth is below. The young infant appears and acts relaxed but only before the clock chimes. After the clock chimes the boy seems to be anxious and worried of what is about to happen. To ad to the effect of suspense the director cuts from the boy, to the mother and then to the clock. This gives the audience the impression that the time signifies an important part of the day; causing the mother to stop what she and tend to her son. It is as the mother gets up that we see the insecurities of the young boy being revealed. When the mother removes the drum from around the boy’s neck and takes away his instrument sticks, we see the boy become both upset and nervous. The director has done this, I feel, to add to the child’s insecurities – making the boy feel like he is on his own. The director also conveys the child’s insecurities by using a long shot – showing the boy’s whole posture. By doing this, the director has created a sense of vulnerability. The boy also seems fairly insecure; not only within himself but also with his surrounding. The director puts this across by moving the boy’s eyes – making him look around as if he is searching for something. As the boy is looking around his mother eventually ushers her offspring to an oak door – that seems large and intimidating. The mother hands her son a miniature candle, which I believe to be a significant sign that the boy is inferior to his surroundings. To show how the boy is feeling, close-ups have been used and these show the boy’s expressions and movements. The director has done this to build up more tension and drama, giving the audience the impression that there is a lot more to come. When the little boy looks out of the large, oak door we see one of a young child’s worst fears†¦ darkness. To add an effect of urgency the director uses a montage, cutting from the boy, to the mother, to the door. Just by using this simple cutting technique the director had formed a message in the audience’s mind – what is so threatening behind the door. By doing this the impact on the audience is quite uncomfortable – making them fear for the young child. The mother comforts her son, but in a way which leads the audience to think and feel that the mother is reluctant to do so – this can therefore create further insecurities. The director has done this so, it keeps the audience still enticed within the film, and also gives the sense of anguish which the boy is feeling. The mother then forces the young child out of the door and shuts it behind him. This makes the boy seem even more vulnerable and petrified. The director conveys this by using camera techniques such as zooming and high angle shots. The camera zooms out to reveal a flight of long and gloomy stairs; ad the high vulnerability and, also, to make the audience think that the young child is diminutive and innocent compared to his surroundings. From just this short scene we can tell that, although they have a relationship, the mother and the son do not have a strong bond – which is not what should be seen from a parent and their child’s relationship. The director has also used point of view shots to show the son’s weary expressions – which are cautious and preparing for something unexpected to occur. As the boy reaches the top of the stairs the director uses zooming out to give the impression of fear and also giving the sense of tension and build up within the film. The director has also used close-ups of the boy’s face – this gives the effect that the child is terrified by the look of the hallway and stairs. When the boy enters his room the director has used a high angler shot – looking down on the boy, showing him at his most reliable stage. The audience can feel the horror through sound effects, which add both drama and tension. The direct does this to create a great deal of suspense and drama. As soon as this technique is over we see the young boy run into his room. The director uses another high angle shot to make the boy seem again vulnerable and unsafe; by using this technique the director has caused the audience to believe that the boy is not alone.